Energy Efficiency of a PRO Process

Vitality Efficiency of a PRO Process Presentation The worldwide vitality request is speedily expanding because of quickly extending populace and their improved expectation for everyday comforts. Albeit petroleum derivatives are for the most part adding to satisfying this interest, the utilization has just surpassed the limit of maintainable vitality creation (Efraty, 2013)(Yip et al., 2011). It is regularly asserted that we have enough saves of coal, gas, and oil while the genuine situation is unique. Condition researchers detailed that vitality holds are diminishing with time, which would be lessened inside not many decades (Figure 1). The lifetime of these stores would be expanded somewhat if new supplies can be recognized. Finding new wells is turning out to be more earnestly step by step and on the off chance that it is found, the measures of fills would be fundamentally lower than the ones that have been found in the past1. Figure 1: The patterns of worldwide non-renewable energy sources reserves[1] The rising vitality request and constrained stores of petroleum products have spurred to specialists for investigating choices wellsprings of sustainable power source. Scientists have just found different wellsprings of vitality while wind, sun powered, flowing and biomass have been utilized for practical vitality creation (Straub, Deshmukh, Elimelech, 2015).ã‚â However, costly gear and high establishment cost combined with the lopsided circulation of vitality during the time have kept them from being utilized generally (Sharif, Merdaw, Aryafar, Nicoll, 2014). As of late, a recently rising wellspring of clean vitality called Osmotic force has pulled in much regard for the analyst, which got from saltiness inclinations discovered worldwide where two wellsprings of water with various salinities are accessible close to one another (Y. C. Kim Elimelech, 2013).ã‚â The accessibility and consistency of osmotic force are a lot more noteworthy than the discontinuous renewables like breeze and sun based. Saltiness angle is the distinction in salt focus between two arrangements. The huge measure of vitality discharged from the blending of two arrangements of various salinities and this sum ascends for higher fixation contrast between the arrangements. Little scope examinations have been accomplished for the blending of freshwater and seawater, which announced that 2.6 MW vitality created for a progression of 1m3/s freshwater when blended in with seawater (Veerman, Saakes, Metz, Harmsen, 2009). A few advances are being utilized to gather osmotic force, for example, turn around electrodialysis (RED) (Achilli Childress, 2010) (Yip Elimelech, 2012),ã‚â weight hindered osmosisã‚â (PRO) (Altaee Sharif, 2015)(Thorsen Holt, 2009)(Norman S., 2016), capacitive blending (CAPMIX) (Reuters News Agency, n.d.), and hydrogel blending (J. Kim, Jeong, Park, Shon, Kim, 2015). Among the advances, RED and PRO are further developed and shown at pilot scale and the two proselytes substance potenti al to valuable work by the controlled blending of two arrangements of various salt focus (Achilli Childress, 2010)(Yip Elimelech, 2014). RED is a layer based innovation, which is driven by the Nernst potential, a sign of substance potential distinction. It utilizes a heap of adjusting particle trade films that specifically permits particle penetration over the layers. The net particle transition over the films is changed over straightforwardly to electric flow (Norman S., 2016)(Pattle, 1954). The procedure is effective for power age however monetarily wasteful. The cost costs of accessible RED film is out of range, and late examinations have demonstrated that the cost must be diminished a hundred times to make the innovation reasonable (Post et al., 2010). The improvement of such kind of layers is very tedious and hard to accomplish (Turek Bandura, 2007). Likewise, The activities of the RED procedure is perplexing and exceptionally delicate to the procedure parameters, which requires expand control framework (Altaee Sharif, 2015). The same converse electrodialysis, PRO is additionally a layer based innovation, yet the thing that matters is, PRO uses a solitary salt-dismissing semipermeable film rather than a pile of particle trade layers. It uses the saltiness angle as osmotic force distinction to drive the water saturation over the film from low saltiness feed answer for high saltiness draw arrangement. The extending volume of draw arrangement courses through a hydro-turbine that produces helpful mechanical and electrical works [18][19]. The structure and activities of PRO are a lot more straightforward, and it doesn't rely a lot upon operational parameters aside from working weight of film at draw arrangement side. The ongoing examination shows that PRO can accomplish both more noteworthy efficiencies and force densities than RED and other existing advances [14]. The greater part of the PRO examinations have been centered around the blending of seawater and freshwater, however this blending plan has been seen as unfeasible because of the lower power densities. Analysts concur that more examination is important to evaluate the possibility of procedures dependent on surges of higher saltiness. One of such procedures is the vitality recuperation from desalination units by taking favorable circumstances of the blending of released saline solution and seawater. Another procedure is the blending of seawater with high saltiness created water from oil and flammable gas investigation. Notwithstanding, the fundamental issues of these procedure are concentraion polarization and salt spillage, which limit the PRO execution by diminishing the main impetus over the film. Prior to examinations to build up a feasible PRO procedure for the enormous scope activity, have concentrated on growing superior film and setting up reasonable conditions to augment the v itality yields. A few thermodynamic properties are important to set up fitting conditions to evaluate the exhibition of PRO procedure. The first of them is the Gibbs free vitality of blending since it gives as far as possible to the pole power that is conceivable to recuperate from a blending procedure, which happens at steady temperature and weight. Another property is osmotic weight, which in important to build up working weight at various pieces of the plant. Entropies and enthalpies are expected to assess the mechanical intensity of the revolving gear included. This work exhibits a thermodynamic model to assess every one of them so as to augment the force recuperation from PRO procedure. The Q-electrolattice condition of (EOS), which expands a cross section based liquid model for electrolyte arrangements, is received. The model likewise incorporates as of late created conditions for PRO that thinks about fixation polarization; turn around salt penetrability, and layer fouling to anticipate water and salt transition over the film. What's more, most PRO models depend on arrangements of Na+ and Cl particles just, though, practically speaking, saline water contains different particles notwithstanding these two.ã‚â This work reports recreations of PRO procedures that think about the nearness of numerous particles in arrangements (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-and SO42-). The current model generally utilizes various stages to ascertain osmotic force, power thickness, and motion over the film (for example OLI-programming is utilized to ascertain osmotic force and another program for transition and force thickness), that expansion the chance of getting incorrect worth since all these are between subordinate. Then again, this model continually and precisely decides every one of them by a solitary program. Beginning examinations have been accomplished for freshwater+sewater and seawater+brine frameworks with single-stage PRO arrangement. The anticipated osmotic weight, water motion over the layer and recuperations of mechanical force are in excellent concurrence with trial writing information. This arrangement of results recommends that the Q-electrolattice EOS is a reasonable model for the estimation of thermodynamic properties expected to evaluate the exhibition of PRO plants.ã‚â Now, it is arranging this model for high saltiness arrangements with different stage setups. A techno-financial investigation will be accomplished for the plausibility investigation of PRO procedure actualizing at modern scale. Point and Objectives: The point of this work is to build up a thermoynamic model dependent on Q-electrolattice condition of state for PRO procedure, and execute it to foresee distinctive thermodynamic properties so as to caltulate water and salt transition over the film and force densities. The different targets related with this point are outlined underneath: Actualize Q-electrolattice condition of state for the arrangements of various salts to compute osmotic power and confirm the outcomes with writing test information. Actualize as of late created mass and salt transition conditions, which thought about fixation polarization, turn around salt motion and fouling of layer. Actualize fundamental thermodynamic relations for PRO units to decide entropies and enethalpies precisely. Build up the model for freshwater-seawater framework with single stage design and broadened it for higher saltiness framework with numerous stage setup. Actualize the cost conditions to decide the capital expense for establishment of the PRO units. Writing Review Q-elctrolattice condition of state The elctrolattice condition of state (EOS) was created utilizing a similar approach introduced by Myers et al. (Myers, Sandler, Wood, 2002), in view of the Helmholtz vitality approach. The remaining Helmholtz vitality at a given temperature and volume is determined by the expansion different commitments along a speculative path.ã‚â These commitments comprise of particle dissolvable and dissolvable collaboration over the short range, solvation impacts, and particle cooperations over the long range. The complete procedure is separated into four stages along a thermodynamic way( a. Zuber et al., 2013): Step-1: It is accepted that a reference blend comprising of charged particles and atoms is in a theoretical perfect gas state at temperature T and volume V. In the initial step, the c

International Management 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Worldwide Management 2 - Essay Example Because of this, International Human Resources Management has gone to the cutting edge. Worldwide Human Resources Management tries to set down regular standards, answers for issues and work force the executives frameworks to help this new period of worldwide development change into an example of overcoming adversity and to assist associations with adjusting and acquire better outcomes. Working in a nation that one is curious about with, is an incredible test in itself. All the more in this way, when it includes the foundation of a branch office of one’s organization or manages the effective inception of an expansion of your organization, in a situation totally unique in relation to the one you know about. Along these lines, a lot of figured preparing and execution must go down into such plans, before leaving on an end. Thailand is one of the great quickly developing destinations for universal extension of business, exchange and trade. Move of innovation, the degree of inclusion of the nearby assets, the net money benefit, and so forth are a portion of the elements that are investigated, before the green sign for the foundation of auxiliaries is given. At the point when a worker should be sent to another country by an organization, both, the organization just as the representative need to investigate certain fundamental factors that effect and have an effect on fruitful spell of the auxiliary organization, in a host nation. The technique utilized in the development procedure will definitely assume a commanding job in deciding the degree of achievement got by the proposed arrangement. Exceptional aptitudes of workers are not properly perceived as proposed by the administration. Rather, there exists the dissemination of determination of such ability based work draws near. The sharing of errands can prompt the honing

Representativeness Heuristic and Our Judgments

Representativeness Heuristic and Our Judgments Theories Social Psychology Print Representativeness Heuristic and Our Judgments Representativeness heuristic affects judgments but can lead to errors By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 21, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 06, 2019 More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Example Scenario Classic Research   In the Real-World View All Back To Top When faced with uncertainty while trying to make a decision, people often rely on a mental shortcut known as the representativeness heuristic. While this shortcut can speed up the decision-making process, it can also lead to poor choices and stereotypes. Take a closer look at what the representativeness heuristic is and how it works. Illustration by Cindy Chung, Verywell What Is the Representativeness Heuristic? When making decisions or judgments, we often use mental shortcuts or rules of thumb known as  heuristics. For every decision, we dont always have the time or resources to compare all the information before we make a choice, so we use heuristics to help us reach decisions quickly and efficiently. Sometimes these mental shortcuts can be helpful, but in other cases, they can lead to errors or  cognitive biases. The representativeness heuristic is one heuristic that we use when making judgments. In this particular example, we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds. Our prototype is what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a particular event or object. Example of How It Works The representativeness heuristic was first described by psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman during the 1970s. Like other heuristics, making judgments based on representativeness is intended to work as a type of mental shortcut, allowing us to make decisions quickly. However, it can also lead to errors. When we make decisions based on representativeness, we may be likely to make more errors by overestimating the likelihood that something will occur. Just because an event or object is representative does not mean its occurrence is more probable. Consider the following description: Sarah loves to listen to New Age music and faithfully reads her horoscope each day. In her spare time, she enjoys aromatherapy and attending a local spirituality group. Based on the description above, is Sarah more likely to be a school teacher or a holistic healer? Many people would identify her as a holistic healer based on representativeness. She fits in with our existing ideas of how a holistic healer might behave. In reality, it is far more likely that Sarah is actually a school teacher based purely on probability. School teachers are far more common than holistic healers. Classic Research   In their classic experiment, Tversky and Kahneman presented the following description to a group of participants: Tom W. is of high intelligence, although lacking in true creativity. He has a need for order and clarity, and for neat and tidy systems in which every detail finds its appropriate place. His writing is rather dull and mechanical, occasionally enlivened by somewhat corny puns and by flashes of imagination of the sci-fi type. He has a strong drive for competence. He seems to feel little sympathy for other people and does not enjoy interacting with others. Self-centered, he nonetheless has a deep moral sense. The participants were then divided into three separate groups and each group was given a different task. The first group was asked how similar Tom was to one of nine different college majors. The majority of participants in this group believed Tom was most similar to an engineering major and least similar to a social science major.Participants in the second group were asked to rate the probability that Tom was one of the nine majors. The probabilities given by the participants in the second group were very similar to the responses given by those in the first group.In the third group, participants were asked a question unrelated to Toms description. They were asked to estimate what percentage of first-year graduate students were in each of the nine majors. What the researchers found was that people were highly likely to believe that Tom was an engineering major, despite the fact that there was a relatively small number of engineering students at the school where the study was conducted. People were likely to believe that Tom was an engineering major based on representativeness, ignoring other pertinent information such as the small number of engineering students. Toms description matched with what they believed was a good representation of an engineering major, so the representativeness heuristic led them to make a judgment about what major he was likely pursuing. In the Real-World The representativeness heuristic can play a major role in many real-life decisions and judgments. Consider, for example, how members of a jury might determine a defendants guilt or innocence. If the accused looks like what the jurors think a criminal should look like, with a menacing presence, scruffy face, and angry eyes, they might be more likely to perceive that individual as guilty of the crime of which he or she is accused. Assessments of guilt can also depend upon how well the crime represents a certain crime category. For example, a person accused of abducting a child for ransom may be more likely to be viewed as guilty as someone accused of kidnapping an adult for no ransom. While both crimes represent kidnapping, the first is a more representative example because it fits better with what most people think of when they hear the word kidnapping. This heuristic can also play a role in the assessments we make about other people. We tend to develop ideas about how people in certain roles should behave. A farmer, for example, might be seen as hard-working, outdoorsy, and tough. A librarian, on the other hand, might be viewed as being quiet, organized, and reserved. How well an individual fits into these representations of each profession affects our view of how probable it is they hold one of these positions. In their classic 1974 book Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Tversky and Kahneman describe one example of how the representativeness heuristic can influence our perceptions of other people. They describe an individual who is seen as shy, withdrawn, helpful, but not necessarily concerned with the world of reality. This person is also described as tidy, meek, and detailed with a passion for order and structure. If you had to make a judgment about which profession this individual likely holds, which one would you select: farmer, salesman, airline pilot, librarian, or physician? In the representativeness heuristic, the probability that Steve is a librarian, for example, is assessed by the degree to which his is representative of, or similar to, the stereotype of a librarian, Tversky and Kahneman explain. A Word From Verywell The representativeness heuristic is just one type of mental shortcut that allows us to make decisions quickly in the face of uncertainty. While this can lead to quick thinking, it can also lead us to ignore factors that also play a role in shaping events. The next time you are trying to make a decision, consider the way in which the representative heuristic might play a role in your thinking.

Ideological Differences On Renewable Energy - 1084 Words

Ideological Differences on Renewable Energy Ever wonder what the world would be if there was no more energy, no more electricity in our household and no more gas for our car? Energy is a necessary resource that is used every day in American households and vehicles. Unfortunately, majority of the energy that is currently used comes from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are un-renewable energy, which means that one day that it would eventually disappear. Unlike fossil fuels, there is an alternative way to get energy, from renewable sources. I will be presenting the Democrat’s and the Republican’s views on renewable energy use and also be comparing the similarities and differences. I will also explain my own perspective on renewable energy use†¦show more content†¦By giving support to renewable energy projects, it help increase the number of renewable energy jobs and helps decrease the use of fossil fuels. They have made improvements on its current renewable energy use but, according to Usnews, the Democrats have a plan for 2035. â€Å"As part of an ‘all-of-the-above’ energy policy, generating 80 percent of the nation s electricity from clean energy sources by 2035† (Usnews). If the majority of the nation’s electricity comes from renewable energy, there would be less of a need to use the depleting fossil fuel supply. The Democrats have increased the use of renewable energy by legislation and will continue making renewable energy the new standard instead of fossil fuel. Even though Democrats believe renewable energy is the way of the future, there are others who do not necessarily think so. Unlike the Democratic Party view on renewable energy, the Republican Party believe that fossil fuels should be the main focus instead of renewable energy. According to the GOP, Republican Party, website, the Republicans actually encourages renewable energy, but they think â€Å"the taxpayers should not serve as venture capitalists for risky endeavors† (GOP) The Republicans think it is too big of a risk to invest into the renewable energy. The reasons why renewable energy is riskier is evident on the Whitehouse website. â€Å"Today, solar power is significantly more expensive than electricity from fossil fuels in most regions of the

Sexual Harassment in the Work Place - 2298 Words

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Andrew Frano BA 210 Joe Winter May 10, 2004 Andrew Frano Joe Winter BA 210 May 5, 2004 Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Sexual harassment occurs quite frequently in various workplaces and can consist of many different situations. In todays world though, females are not the only ones who have to deal with this problem, believe it or not, males do too. There are many ways of dealing with these situations, but getting the harassment to stop is not as easy. Dealing with sexual harassment today does not just include unwelcome sexual advances, but slurs, lewd remarks, and much more. Many laws have been set up to interact with these problems. Unfortunately, most of these laws are not followed†¦show more content†¦Another criticism that can happen to women is the assumption that somehow they Ask for it by their manner of dress or behavior. You have to realize that the victim does not create the problem; the harasser creates the problem. In conclusion, if attempts to resolve the situation are not successful or the harassment is continual, dont be afraid to seek help. Keep in mind that filing a formal complaint with the city, state or with a federal agency may be the only way to get a positive result. Victims of sexual harassment are not the only ones that need to be aware of various situations, but employers need to understand the concept too. The cost of sexual harassment in the workplace is expensive. A harassing atmosphere at work will cause low employee morale and high turnover. This usually leads to low production or quality of work. Many times a victim of harassment will simply quit and leave a job rather than have a confrontation about it. This cost money for the employer to hire and train new workers. If a complaint if filed with an enforcement agency, there will be additional costs for the staff time and legal counsel to the complaint. This will lead to the employer having to pay for damages for lost pay or emotional distress. If a charge of harassment becomes public knowledge, a business could suffer loss of customers and public good will. Many things need to be known by employers to prevent harassment. Recent Supreme Court decisions have madeShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment And The Civil Rights Act Of 19641706 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is sexual harassment? The Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network defines sexual harassment as, â€Å"unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature in which submission to or rejection of such conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual s work or school performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work or school environment† (Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, 2009). In the United States Sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on femaleRead MoreSex in the Workplace1539 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Sex Have a Place in the Workplace? The purpose for this term paper is to review the issues of sexual harassment in the workplace. As the workforce and diversity in the workforce increase, sexual harassment has a higher chance to occur. I will discuss how sexual harassment is viewed, what constitutes sexual harassment, ways to prevent it from happening, the cause of sexual harassment, the conduct, consequences, types, laws, how it should be handled in the workplace and also give my view points Read MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace963 Words   |  4 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace There are federal laws put in position to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace. Most employees sometimes don’t even realize what sexual harassment is are when they are committing this violation. On the flip side an employee may not realized when they are being sexually harassed and when is the appropriate time to speak up. Education on sexual harassment has increased within the workplace as cases are more public and fines are getting steeper. In this researchRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 Pages Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on femaleRead MoreSexual Harassment1640 Words   |  7 PagesSexual harassment is one of the biggest problems facing our schools and businesses today. A week rarely goes by without a reminder of the pervasiveness of sexual harassment as a social problem. Sexual harassment is a growing problem in the government agencies, schools, and the corporations of the world; however, many corporations are now adopting new anti-harassment policies.(Conta) The definition of sexual harassment is any unwanted or inappropriate sexual attention. 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Many noted cases have influenced the workforce; and the way we operate together. Policies to deter this action have failed in-order to completely dissolve such actions. Sexual harassment occurs in every work environment, influencesRead MoreEssay about Sexual Harassment in the Workplace1307 Words   |  6 Pages Obviously, it is a very natural thing for men and women to be attracted to each other in sexual ways. Men, more than women, have been historically known to be far more aggressive in their advances toward women sexually and it varies from each woman as to how these aggressive advances make them feel. Advances such as whistling, bottom pinching and glaring are the types of things some men do to women in an attempt to show they are sexually attracted to them. These types of advances can be attemptedRead More Sexual Harrasment Essays639 Words   |  3 PagesSexual Harrasment The issue that I have chosen to research for the policy and procedures team is sexual harassment in the workplace. The present policy contained in the associate handbook states the following: Sexual harassment can take many forms. It includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other visual, verbal, or physical conduct of a sexual nature when a person’s employment with Sears depends on submission to the conduct; submission to or rejection of the conduct

Executive Privilege Free Essays

string(109) " executive privilege can have its usefulness, but it should only be invoked in certain, specific situations\." Executive Privilege| | | | Virginia Commonwealth University November 14, 2012| | In the past, the power of executive privilege has been used by Presidents to conceal information that has to do with foreign affairs and negotiations, military, national security issues as well as deliberations and policy making that is done between the President and his top aides. This power is only used when Congress asks the President or one of his top aides to produce all of the information pertaining to an event or situation. If the President then feels that parts of this information needs to be kept secret to protect the best interest of the public, or the other issues listed previously, then he will use executive privilege in order to not give that information to Congress. We will write a custom essay sample on Executive Privilege or any similar topic only for you Order Now A huge part of executive privilege is to protect the deliberations and advice given by the President’s aides. When the President’s advisors give him advice, they need to be able to give him the best advice possible and if there is a chance that everything they said could be made public. For instance if the President and advisors are discussing what needs to be done in relation to a foreign power and one suggests to nuke them, one suggests a covert attack and one suggests a peaceful resolution. If the final decision is a peaceful resolution, and Congress asks for all of the information on the subject, then the President should use executive privilege to keep those other possible outcomes from going public, both to keep the public from getting out of control or uneasy and to keep the other country from finding out the other options and retaliating. This power ensures that the President’s advisors can be completely honest and say what needs to be said without being worried about their words being taken the wrong way or too harsh or hurt their image. A big argument for those against executive privilege is that there is nothing in the constitution about it even though there is something about Congress keeping secrets. Article I states that â€Å"Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy† (US Constitution, Article 1 Section 5). Their argument is that the Constitution states that each House can withhold information that they think should be kept secret and there is nothing about secrecy when it comes to the President’s powers, however just because the words are not explicitly in the constitution does not mean that this power was not intended for the President. Even our founding fathers appreciated the importance of executive privilege and that is highlighted by this passage taken from The Works of Alexander Hamilton. In 1794, the Senate asked President George Washington, â€Å"‘to lay before the Senate the correspondences which have been had between the Minister of the United States at the Republic of France, and said Republic, and between said Minister and the office of Secretary of State. † Washington consulted his cabinet members, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, and Edmund Randolph. Alexander Hamilton later wrote: General Knox is of the opinion that no part of the correspondences should be sent to the Senate; Colonel Hamilton is of the opinion that the correct mode of proceeding is to do what General Knox advises; but the principle is safe, by excepting such parts as the President may choose to withhold; Mr. Randolph is of the opinion that all correspondence proper, from its nature, to be communicated to the Senate, should be sent; but that what the President thinks is improper, should not be sent. Washington later told the Senate â€Å"After an examination of [the correspondence], I directed copies and translations to be made; except in those particulars, which, in my judgment, for public considerations, ought not to be communicated. † (Hamilton 1851) Three of these men signed the constitution and contributed a great deal towards it and they clearly believe that it is the President’s right to withhold information that he deems unfit to be made public. When it comes to foreign affairs it is very important that the President has the ability to use executive privilege. For instance, if the United States was making a treaty with another country, both countries may have to give things up in order to come to an agreement, and everything considered by both sides as well as everything agreed upon should not be made public for everyone, including other countries to see. This is best stated in 1796 by George Washington after the House of Representatives requested that he give them information concerning his instructions to the United States Minister to Britain regarding the treaty negotiations between the United States and Britain. Washington replied by saying: The nature of foreign negotiations requires caution, and their success must often depend on secrecy; and even when brought to a conclusion a full disclosure of all the measures, demands, or eventual concessions which may have been proposed or contemplated would be extremely impolitic; for this might have a pernicious influence on future negotiations, or produce immediate inconveniences, perhaps danger and mischief, in relation to other powers. The necessity of such caution and secrecy was one cogent reason for vesting the power of making treaties in the President†¦the boundaries fixed by the Constitution between the different departments should be preserved, a just regard to the Constitution and to the duty of my office.. , forbids a compliance with your request. † (Richardson 1897) As Washington states, we cannot simply make every detail public because other countries may retaliate and they will also be less likely to deal with the United States in the future. However, by invoking executive privilege the President can protect that information from causing such havoc. As he stated, it is not only the President’s right to use executive privilege, but it is his duty to use it in situations that require secrecy. Without a doubt executive privilege can have its usefulness, but it should only be invoked in certain, specific situations. You read "Executive Privilege" in category "Essay examples" In our recent history this has not been the case, some of our Presidents have tried to abuse the power of executive privilege, giving it a bad name and encouraging people to believe it should be done away with. When President Richard Nixon was in office, the Watergate scandal surfaced and Congress asked him to produce all of the information he and his aides had on the case. In an attempt to conceal what had been done as well as to protect everyone from punishment, President Nixon tried to use executive privilege. This case was brought to the United States Supreme Court because the executive privilege was being used to protect one of Nixon’s advisors from criminal prosecution, thus obstructing justice. This was by far an abuse of executive privilege and leads many to want it gotten rid of, however just because a power can be abused does not mean that its use should stop; it just means that restrictions need to be put in to place. This is highlighted by the ruling of the Supreme Court. The Court acknowledged the need for the President to used executive privilege, but determined that in cases of inquiry into possible criminal actions, the Executive has to release relating information. If we want to curb the abuse of executive privilege, we need to put guidelines into place, because without them, the meaning of executive privilege is at the discretion of the President until checked by other branches. President Nixon was neither the first nor last President to abuse this power (United States v Nixon 1974). President Bill Clinton also tried to invoke executive privilege in a very wrong way as well. Clinton tried to use executive privilege to prevent his advisors from testifying on whether he had sexual relations with Monica Lewinski or not. However, this claim of executive privilege was shot down, rightfully so (Baker 2012). These instances of abuse may lead some to think it is just a better option to not have executive privilege, but as long as barriers and restrictions can be put into place on it to prevent this from happening in the future, this power needs to stay around. This comes with some exceptions; this power should only be used when the President truly believes that if this information were to get out it would either be damaging to the public or in the best interest of the public to not find out. This power should also be used in situations where the President needs to protect national security intelligence and other matters as well as being used to protect military secrets, operations and intelligence. Lastly, this power should be used in situations where the United States is dealing with a foreign power, whether it is a treaty, a negotiation, a meeting or anything else containing sensitive material that either the United States or the foreign power needs to be kept secret. This brings up another argument against executive privilege. Some feel that this power should be done away with because Congress does not have the power of checks and balances over executive privilege; however that is not the case. If the President is refusing to give Congress the information that they are asking for, they can decide to stop funding things that the President is trying to do. They can also hold people in contempt of Congress, which was done as recently as this year in the Fast and Furious case where Congress demanded that Attorney General Eric Holder give them all the information on this case. President Obama stepped in and claimed executive privilege, however in a response to this, Congress moved, then voted to hold Holder in contempt of Congress unless he hands over the information (Silverleib 2012). Another thing Congress can do if the President continues to refuse to cooperate is to impeach him. This would obviously be only done in serious situations, but would work either to get their message across or to show future Presidents that they cannot just invoke executive privilege without consequence. On top of this, the courts can rule on cases where the President tries to use executive privilege like they did in the case with President Nixon. Articles II of the Constitution states that the President â€Å"shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient† (US Constitution Article II Section 3) As the Constitution says, the President does need to inform Congress on the State of the Union from time to time, however it does not say anywhere that the President is required to divulge all the information having to do with certain incidents. Between Article I and Article II, others take this to mean that Congress has an unlimited power of inquiry, but in reality that is not the case. This fact has been ruled on multiple times by different courts, where usually they determine that either the President does not have to give up the information, or that the President has to give up certain aspects of that information based on other laws. It is also Congress’s right and duty to challenge the President when he uses executive privilege, in order to make sure that the power is not being abused, which is the exact reason for having separate branches and a balance of power. If it wasn’t for executive privilege, other countries might be less inclined to deal with the United States because they fear that every detail could go public. Along the same lines the president’s advisors can’t give their best advice if they have to worry that anything they say could be made public. Military secrets and intelligence also needs to be protected to better ensure our troops safety as well as protect our country and citizens from retaliation after an exposed military operation. There is also information that needs to remain secret because it is in the best interest of the public to not find out. Lastly and most importantly, if it wasn’t for executive privilege, national security and military intelligence matters could be made public, exposing our informants and jeopardizing our national security. In order to keep this power alive and protect sensitive information, the United States needs to add guidelines or an amendment that properly codifies executive privilege to prevent its abuse. Once this is done, in theory, there would not be any more issues of whether power can or cannot be used. Everything would be stated to say that the President can only use executive privilege in the situations previously stated and any other instance where executive privilege is claimed would be thrown out. Executive privilege helps to protect our citizens, our national security and our good standing and ability to negotiate with other countries. If we were not able to guarantee that level of secrecy it would be nearly impossible to conduct policy making, decision making, foreign negotiations, treaties, as well as threaten the United States and their citizens’ safety. References Baker, Peter, and Susan Schmidt. â€Å"Washingtonpost. com Special Report: Clinton Accused. † Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News Analysis. N. p. , 6 May 1998. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/starr050698. Hamilton, Alexander, and John C. Hamilton. The works of Alexander Hamilton comprising his correspondence, and his political and official writings, exclusive of the Federalist, civil and military. New York: J. F. Trow, 1851. Print. Richardson, James D.. A compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents. New York: Bureau of national literature, 1897. Print. Silverleib, Alan. â€Å"House holds Holder in contempt – CNN. com. † CNN. com – Breaking News, U. S. , World, Weather, Entertainment Video News. N. p. , 29 May 2012. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. http://www. cnn. com/2012/06/28/politics/holder-contempt/index. html. United States v. Nixon, 418 U. S. 683 (1974) (Justice Burger Opinion of the Court) United States Constitution, 1789 How to cite Executive Privilege, Essay examples

The Food and Beverage Industry Role in the Tourism

Introduction Hospitality management is a complex, wide and extremely diverse field. This field is exceptionally challenging in terms of anticipating the needs of clients and guests. Besides, it is not a profession for everyone. It needs creative people, able to identify the needs of clients, ready to work with the public, and people who can think quickly when it comes to solving problems (Barrows and Powers 99).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Food and Beverage Industry Role in the Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to The Food and Beverage Industry in Taiwan, this industry has grown tremendously over the last one decade. This paper looks at the food and beverage industry, which is an important field in hospitality management and one that lies at the center of the tourism industry. The essay begins by looking at the food and beverage industry in general, and then proceeds to look at the main s ectors of the industry. The essay also reviews some of the reasons behind the growth of the industry. The remaining parts include elements of the industry, market assessment, and consumer needs, kitchen and dinning room designs, menu planning, cost control, food processing, and market technologies. Food and Beverage Industry Over the last few decades, the food and beverage industry has tremendously flourished in the business market from serving few individuals to international corporations. There is an increasing number of people having their meals in hotels and buying packed food when travelling or going for picnics. This growth in the food and beverage industry has also resulted into the growth of several companies such as Coca-Cola and Starbucks. Main sectors of Food and Beverage Industry The food and beverages industry falls into two major sectors, viz. commercial and subsidized/welfare. As a commercial entity, the industry further falls into two sub sectors, viz. restricted mar ket and general market. Restricted market includes transport catering, clubs, workplace catering, and institutional food and beverage preparation. General market comprises of hotels, restaurants, snack bars, pubs, vending machines, and fast foods. Subsidized food and beverage industry also falls into two sectors, viz. institutional catering and employee catering. Institutional catering applies to the operations in schools, universities, colleges, hospitals, prisons, and any other institution where they offer similar services (Davis, et al. 83). Reasons behind blossoming of the Industry People choose to go out, for instance, to celebrate a special function like graduation or when one gets job promotion. People also eat out when they are meeting friends. Hotel setting is a good place to meet new people or people that one would not want to meet at home. People could also eat away from home to commemorate an event. It could be a birthday or an event that positively influenced an individ ual or a group.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are also people who eat out just to have a change from the family routine. Food and beverage operation centers are equally good locations to have meetings. Moreover, people eat out while travelling, especially on long journeys. In addition, people eat out when they are at work, attending a workshop, or in school. All these reasons are driven by the fundamental fact that the food and beverages industry is specifically designed to satisfy the demands of the consumers. Elements of Food and Beverage Industry There are eight elements of food and beverage industry. The first element is monitoring the needs of consumers for consumer satisfaction is very necessary for the existence of the industry. The second component is production and service aspects, which are perhaps the most important factors in the industry. They are two-wa y, viz. the owner gets the profit and the consumer gets quality service. The third element is monitoring of costs and revenues. The other elements include consumer and market, formulation of policy, interpretation of demand, provisioning, and convergence of facilities. Market assessment and Consumer Needs Market assessment and consumer needs are two great factors to consider when setting up a food and beverage establishment. After analyzing the food and beverage industry through market research, one can prosperously decide to establish the business. Therefore, it is important to employ market research skills (market information, questionnaires, and sales-analysis among others) to map out the industry framework (Haverkamp 81). Apart from market research, there is also market-segmentation. Knowing one’s clients and especially the food they eat is equally essential. People from different places may prefer different foods and drinks. Idea generation is also important in market as sessment. Even as one thinks about venturing into the food and beverage industry, factors such as prices, product quantity, concept development, and market competition should provide good sessions for brainstorming (Enzing 23). Service Operation System There are three important services in the food and beverage industry. The first service is acquiring raw materials, in what is called the â€Å"input service† in the food and beverage industry. Once the unprocessed materials are available, the second service is processing them into food. The last service is the â€Å"output†, which entails serving the food to the customers. Format of food and beverage production Usually the format of food and beverage production begins with the store. Once the raw materials are gathered, they should be kept in a clean and neat store. Equipments such as refrigerators should be in good condition. From the store, the next step is preparation, which could be done by either cooking the food o r simply cleaning up in the case of fruits. It is also important to pay keen attention to methods and recipes during food preparation. Besides, food flavor must be kept consistent in all meals, and that aspect requires close monitoring.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Food and Beverage Industry Role in the Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before serving the food, the dining room should be neatly prepared. Clients may put up with other weaknesses, but cannot compromise tidiness. When customers are through with eating, the table should be immediately cleared. The last step is washing of dishes, cleaning of debris, and disposing stuff that cannot be re-used. This last step is imperative in food and beverage industry. Designing Dinning Room/Sitting Area Be it in a hotel, pub, club, restaurant, or any other outlet in the food and beverage industry, the sitting area/dining room should appear in a manner th at is easily accessible to customers. Inasmuch as the owner may want to accommodate many people as he or she can, the arrangement should be in a way that allows free flow of customers in and out without pushing and shoving. In addition, the arrangement should be in a way that clients are can have some sort of privacy. For example, people on one table should be in a position to discuss their private issues without having to worry about other people on the next table. Therefore, it should be in a way that the serving staff can easily access the clients in the shortest time possible. The host may also consider fixing some form of music speakers around the room. Soft music, for instance, adds to the environment of hotels and restaurants. Clubs and pubs are exceptional in terms of volume and music they play (Lentz 85). Designing Kitchen Although customers do not go to the kitchen or even access its location, it is equally important to design it in a way that adds to the overall productio n of the industry. The kitchen is partitioned into several areas. The store, for example, should have enough shelves and refrigerating facilities. The washing area, which also includes sinks, should be spacious and kept clean all the times. There should be a set area for processing raw materials. Peeling and chopping, for instance, should be done in this section. Cooking should occur in a clean separate area with proper ventilation. There should also be a post-preparation area for keeping the prepared food before serving the customers. The other important part is the storage area utensils and pans.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Menu Planning The menu is extremely important when it comes to the food and beverage industry. It underscores what the customers look at when they visit a hotel, and interestingly, it is behind the fall of many businesses. However, in planning the menu, several critical factors stand out conspicuously. They include food preferences, customer food habits, prestige of the customers, economic factors, nutritional factors, tastes of the food, cultural background of the expected customers, and emotional aspects. It is also important to consider the availability and ease-of–use of products to be processed into food and beverages. Lastly, the management can upgrade the existing menu by paying much attention to the customers’ demands (Ojugo 35). Cost Control Businesses exist primarily to make a profit and thus the food and beverage industry is not exceptional. Possibly, the first path to this goal is cost control. This aspect requires evaluation of spending and maximization of profits. As of today, there are three approaches to cost control. The first approach calls for the management to supervise the personnel directly to ensure maximum production. The second approach is by rationalizing the costs based on performance (Guler 161-170). The latter is mostly popular in the food and beverage industry. The management should establish goals and then weigh them against service operations. It also means coming up with ways to measure performance. In addition, given that it hinges on performance, the management compares the actual results with the expected goals. Lastly, cost control could be managed by corrective action. When necessary, the management may also consider reshuffling the staff or getting professional personnel. The third approach is menu pricing. Paying attention, for instance, to how the customers perceive menu pricing is extremely important. The menu pricing also holds the demand of guests (Ojugo 180). Food processing Food processing refers to t he method of transforming unprocessed products into ready products for consumption. In food and beverage industry, food processing occurs in fours ways. The first method is a one-off production, which is used when clients request for special food and drinks with their own specifications. A good example is a wedding cake, which is made for specific customers only. The second method is batch production, which is used when the demand of the product is not consistent. The management prepares food based on an estimated number. The third method is mass production, which is applicable on products that are on demand. The last method is just in time. In this method, customers choose what is to be included in their food before preparation (Davis, et al. 74). Food and Beverage technologies Computer technology is an important element of in the food and beverage industry. Computers speed up paper work, especially in the field of data recording. They also find a wide application in the area of im proving customer service. Moreover, computers are useful in increasing sales revenue by enhancing personnel productivity. In addition, computer networks have eased bookings analysis and daily work schedule (Seric and Saura 7-38). Media and marketing technologies are also important elements in increasing production in food and beverage industries. Both of these technologies help in keeping consumers close to the products, especially during changes or new products in the market (Xia 93). Conclusion The food and beverage industry is an extremely complex, wide, and diverse market. When people eat out while travelling, go to clubs, have their meals and drinks in hotels and restaurants, spend a night in a hotel, or go watching movies/cinemas that are routinely marked with snacks, they are simply patronizing the food and beverage industry. This field can be interesting, but can also be exceptionally challenging. It requires people who are creative, able to identify consumer needs, willing to work with the public, and can think quickly when it comes to solving problems. Over the last decade, this industry has tremendously blossomed and has improved the tourism industry. Works Cited Barrows, Clayton, and Tom Powers. Introduction to Management in the  Hospitality Industry, Study Guide. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2008. Print. Davis, Benard, Andrew Lockwood, Ioannis Pantelidis, and Peter Alcott. Food and  Beverage Management. 2nd ed. Burlington, MA: Routledge, 2008. Print. Enzing, Christine. Product Innovation in the Dutch Food and Beverage Industry;  A Study on the Impact of the Innovation Process, Strategy and Network on the Product’s Short-And-Long-Term Market Performance. Wageningen: Wageningen Academy Publication, 2009. Print. Guler, Emre. â€Å"Prioritization of Revenue Management Factors: A synthetic Extent Analysis Approach.† Ege Academic Review 12.2 (2012): 161-170. Print. Haverkamp, Derk-Jan. Environment Management in the Dutch Food an d  Beverage Industry: A Longitudinal Study into the Joint Impact of Business Network and Firm Characteristics on the Adoption of Environmental Management Capabilities. Wageningen: Wageningen Academy Publication, 2007. Print. Lentz, Linda. â€Å"Sheraton Milan Malpensa Airport Hotel Conference Centre.†Ã‚  Architectural Record 199.12 (2011): 85-92. Print. Ojugo, Clement. Practical Food Beverage Cost Control. New York, NY: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Seric, Maja, and Irene Saura. â€Å"New Technologies and Information Management in the Hospitality Industry: Analysis between Upscale Hotels in Italy and Croatia.† Acta Turistica 24.1 (2012): 7-38. Print. â€Å"The Food and Beverage Industry in Taiwan†. Taiwan Trade Biztube, 21 August 2009. Web. Xia, Yin. â€Å"Factor Use and Productivity Change in the Alcoholic Beverage Industries.†Ã‚  Southern Economic Journal 70.1 (2003): 93-6. Print. This essay on The Food and Beverage Industry Role in the Tourism was written and submitted by user S1lkFever to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.